1. Australia
   Japan
2. New Guinea
   New Zealand

OK, this one was fairly easy. Trust us, these questions are going to get harder. But about Japan (while we're here): Taisho and the nation were eager to retake some German holdings in the Pacific. The outbreak of war simply fit with Japanese objectives.

1. Duke
   Kaiser
2. Prime Minister
   Prince

You'd also be correct in calling Wilhelm II the "emperor," but most often, we refer to him as Kaiser Wilhelm. Fun fact: This German title is etymologically related to the Russian word for a supreme leader, "czar."

1. Prince Albert
   King George V
2. Queen Elizabeth II
   Queen Victoria

George was a second son who was not expected to take the throne; however, his brother Albert Victor died of pneumonia, and George became the heir, and later the king. History would repeat itself, in a way, when his second son, George VI, took the throne after Edward's abdication with his lover, Wallis Simpson.

1. Omar Bradley
   Frederick Funston
2. John J. Pershing
   Theodore Roosevelt

Pershing led the American Expeditionary Forces, a large mobilization of U.S. soldiers on the war's Western Front. He didn't always endear himself to Allied leaders by insisting that his force not be "parted out" to other armies that were suffering attrition, but he is respected for insisting on a hands-on approach to the training and leadership of American "doughboys."

1. His aide-de-camp
   His wife
2. His eldest daughter
   No one; only the Archduke was killed in the shooting.

Gavrilo Princip first shot Ferdinand's wife Sophie, then the archduke. This action seems are the crueler given that not only was Sophie from a low-ranking family, and had married Franz for love, but Princip shot her in the abdomen, a very painful and not immediately fatal place to be shot.

1. Black Jack
   J.J.
2. The Arizona Doughboy
   The Gerund

This was a not-so-friendly nickname at first, based on his early command of a segregated, Negro unit. In fact, the original nickname used a word other than "Black," which we can't repeat here. On a light note, props if you got why "the Gerund" was funny. (If not, check out a copy of Strunk & White).

1. Vladimir Lenin
   David Lloyd George
2. King George V
   Woodrow Wilson

At the time that Wilson presented his Fourteen Points to Congress, America had joined the war. What the thoughtful president Wilson was interested in was a lasting peace that wouldn't require the U.S. to play "world policeman." And it worked; we've never been cast in that role again! (*sighs*)

1. Head librarian at the New York Public Library
   Head of the Red Cross
2. President of Princeton University
   Commandant of Annapolis

This goes a long way toward explaining Wilson's approach to the presidency and the war. He was a Democrat and progressive who believed in American involvement on the public stage, but involvement that would promote world peace.

1. Bladder cancer
   Hemophilia
2. Fragile X Syndrome
   Schizophrenia

Hemophilia is a disorder in which blood does not clot properly, making ordinary injuries life-threatening. Alexei's illness led to his mother, Alexandra, falling under the sway of Rasputin, a Siberian monk whom she believed was curing her son. All of this domestic drama in 1912 and 1913 couldn't have helped Nicholas in his attempts to prevent a war, or prepare for one.

1. Alexei Rykov
   Nikita Khrushchev
2. Vladimir Lenin
   Leo Tolstoy

Lenin and Trotsky were the most important members of the Bolshevik Party. Aided by the demoralization of the Russian people that years of war had caused, they seized power and deposed Czar Nicholas and his family. Once in power, they pulled Russia out of the war.

1. England
   Germany
2. Italy
   The United States

We've discussed the role of King George V elsewhere in this quiz; Lloyd George (the names are confusing, we know) was his "civilian" counterpart, the Prime Minister. Fun fact: Lloyd George was Welsh-born and actually grew up speaking Welsh in the home. Swych! (Excellent!)

1. Georges Clemenceau
   David Lloyd George
2. Vittorio Orlando
   Otto von Bismarck

Clemenceau was France's prime minister from 1917 to 1920, the period when the Allies won the war. Though not as well known to American students, Clemenceau was a kind of Winston Churchill figure to the French of the time, whose vigorously anti-German rhetoric stirred up a demoralized people.

1. England's
   Germany's
2. Russia's
   Austria-Hungary's

The Schlieffen Plan, though not created expressly for World War I, was important to how it played out. That is, Field Marshal Von Schlieffen came up with a plan for an invasion of France, through Belgium, about 10 years before the war actually broke out.

1. Nicola Sacco
   Gavrilo Princip
2. Julius Rosenberg
   Avel Enukidze

Princip definitely moved the needle of history; on the other hand, he might have been the pawn of greater forces. Above, you'll see the names of some other radicals who paid the ultimate price for their opposition to the government, like Rosenberg and Sacco. (Enukidze is a Bolshevik, who turned out to be on the winning side in his particular battle).

1. His son, Alexei
   Peter the Great
2. The mad monk Rasputin
   No one

Russia had no more czars after Nicholas. His family, the Romanovs, were famously overthrown, then killed by Bolshevik guards while imprisoned. The drawn-out, difficult war had a great deal to do with political events in Russia in 1917. It's hard to guess when, or even if, Russia would have overthrown its government in the absence of the world war.

1. Early film of trench warfare
   His son joining up via the French Foreign Legion
2. Shifting public opinion
   A telegram encouraging Mexico to attack the U.S.

The Zimmermann telegram, sent from Germany to its ambassador in Mexico, encouraged an alliance between Germany and Mexico against the United States. Germany believed that would keep the U.S. too occupied to join the war. But when the British intercepted the telegram and passed it on the to United States, the die was cast.

1. Omar Bradley
   Dwight D. Eisenhower
2. Douglas MacArthur
   Norman Schwarzkopf

MacArthur had served in Veracruz, Mexico, but it was on the Western Front that his star really began to rise. Eisenhower and Bradley, who were younger, had stateside deployments during the war. Schwarzkopf came considerably later, leading U.S. troops in the first Gulf War.

1. Belgium
   Bulgaria
2. Greece
   Portugal

Germany intended to invade France through Belgium, because France had good defenses along the border the two countries directly shared. Germany thought that Belgium, led by King Albert I, would be a pushover. As it turned out, this was not the case.

1. Army
   Marines
2. Navy
   Air Force

The Battle of Belleau Wood is part of Marine lore, thanks to WIlliams's insouciant line. Disclaimer: Williams's superior, Frederic Wise, also claimed to have said the line; the truth of the matter is unclear. Also, the Air Force didn't exist as such in World War I, although the first significant aerial battles did occur in the Great War.

1. John Van Buren
   Ulysses S. Grant Jr.
2. Rutherford Platt Hayes
   Theodore Roosevelt III

Three of Theodore Roosevelt's four sons served in some capacity during WWI. The president's namesake, Ted, not only received the French Legion of Honor for his service in the Great War, but he went on to land at Utah Beach in the Normandy invasion in World War II.

1. Georges Clemeceau
   David Lloyd George
2. Eleftherios Venizelos
   Woodrow Wilson

Venizelos was the prime minister of Greece during the war years, and opposed the king of Greece, who wanted to align with the Central Powers, not the Allied Powers. Notice how Greece no longer has a monarchy (at least, in residence)? The fallout from the king backing the wrong horse is a big reason why. For all that, Venizelos wasn't a major player at the peace accords.

1. Ghent
   Lausanne
2. Paris
   Stockholm

The Paris Peace Conference is also known as the Versailles Peace Conference, for its specific location in the city of Paris. The treaty with Germany is now known as the Treaty of Versailles, although four other treaties with different aggressor nations came out of the talks, as well.

1. An insult to American courage
   Plans to invade Canada next
2. Plans for unlimited submarine warfare
   A crude joke about Wilson's daughters

The telegram made reference to "unrestricted submarine warfare" that its author, Hans Zimmermann, said would likely force England to surrender in the near future. This would likely have endangered American civilian ships, as the U.S. was shipping a good deal of supplies to the Allied Powers.

1. Charles Dupuy
   Charles DeGaulle
2. Raymond Poincare
   Jules Verne

Not only did Poincare dislike Germany, but he made two trips to Russia in the years before the war, to shore up relations with that country, and Russia did enter the war on France's side. Could things have played out differently if Poincare's opinions had been different? We'll never know.

1. Third and last "supreme commander"
   Chief propagandist
2. Head of the secret police
   Airship designer

Paul von Hindenburg stepped into the role played not terribly successfully by Helmuth von Moltke and then Erich von Falkenhayn. They were all leaders of what Germans called the Oberste Heeresleitung, or "High Command" in English. (We're sorry about "airship designer," by the way. He had nothing to do with the doomed airship.)

1. "Moltke the Micro-manager"
   "Moltke the Violent"
2. "Moltke the Short-Timer"
   "Moltke the Younger"

The nickname came about simply because Von Moltke's uncle, also a Helmuth von Moltke, had been a field marshal in the German army. If you thought of Von Moltke the Younger as a "short-timer," we don't entirely blame you. Though he had a distinguished pre-war military career, Moltke didn't last long during the war itself, suffering a breakdown in 1914 after the loss of the First Battle of the Marne.

1. Erb's palsy
   Fainting spells
2. Migraines
   Scarlet fever

Erb's palsy is a form of nerve damage. In Wilhelm's case, it caused his left arm to be shorter than his right, and his left hand to be deformed. Because of it, the future German leader was traumatized in his childhood by a series of riding lessons that were very difficult for a child without two good arms, but his mother insisted a future leader be able to ride horseback.

1. Artois
   Cantigny
2. The Somme
   Verdun

Petain was known as one of those leaders who inspire confidence in the common troops; this is one of the things that allowed him to ascend. later, to the head of state in WWII-era France, the southern "free state" of France during the Nazi occupation of the north.

1. Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz
   Erich von Falkenhayn
2. Hans Hartwig von Beseler
   Karl von Bulow

As chief of staff, van Falkenhayn lasted a bit longer than Moltke, serving for two years. A string of losses and setbacks cost him his position in 1916. These included Romania's entry into the war and a poor showing (though not outright defeat) at Verdun.

1. He was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne.
   He'd approved the invasion of Serbia.
2. He had killed Serbian civilians in war.
   No one really knows.

Ferdinand was part of the Austro-Hungarian ruling family, the Habsburgs. Many Slavs, including a secret group called the Black Hand, resented Austria-Hungary's annexation of the South Slavic regions and wanted to kill a Habsburg to make a point. The emperor was disinclined to travel, so it was his nephew and heir, Franz Ferdinand, who became the target.

1. George V of England
   Nicholas II of Russia
2. Woodrow Wilson of the United States
   Both George V and Nicholas II

The Great War was, to some extent, a family affair, because European royalty married across national lines to create and cement alliances. Wilhelm II was, therefore, related to both George and Nicholas. He and Nicholas wrote back and forth in the run-up to World War I, with the emperors signing themselves "Willy" and "Nicky."

1. True
2. False

It is true that Franz Joseph was one of the longest-ruling monarchs in modern European history. He held power for 68 years. However, he died of pneumonia in 1916, at the age of 86; his death was unrelated to the war that was still raging at the time.

1. Giacomo Matteoti
   Benito Mussolini
2. Vittorio Orlando
   Sandro Delmastro

Orlando was one of the "Big Four" at the Paris Peace Conference, but maybe it should have been the "Big 4.5." Orlando didn't speak any English, so he got a serious assist from his foreign minister, Sidney Sonnino, who was fluent in English because of being half -- wait for it -- Welsh! We're seeing a theme here.

1. Robert Bullard
   Lesley McNair
2. Hunter Liggett
   George Marshall

Fort Hunter Liggett is a training facility in southern Monterey County, in California. It was used as a location in the Mel Gibson movie "We Were Soldiers," which was about Vietnam, not World War I.

1. Franz Joseph had no sons.
   The son abdicated to Canada with a lover.
2. The son died in a murder-suicide pact.
   The son was too frail, physically, to lead the empire.

The Crown Prince Rudolf killed himself and his young lover, a baroness, in what is known to the world as the famous "Mayerling incident." That is, Rudolf shot himself and Mary Vetsera at a hunting lodge outside the village of Mayerling. The events are memorialized in a ballet of the same name.