1. James Monroe
   Benjamin Franklin
2. George Washington
   John Hancock

Before signing the Declaration of Independence, Benjamin Franklin rented a home on 36 Craven Street in London. Over 200 years later, human bones dating back to Franklin's time were found in the basement. Experts believe that one of Franklin's acquaintances, William Hewson, was running an illegal anatomy school out of the basement.

1. Embezzling government money
   Having an affair
2. Bribing cabinet members
   Smuggling illegal goods

Monroe suspected Hamilton of embezzling government funds when he discovered Hamilton had sent large sums of money to a man named James Reynolds. However, when Monroe confronted Hamilton, he learned that these were blackmail payments that Hamilton had personally made.

1. Samuel Adams
   John Hancock
2. John Adams
   George Washington

In a move that proved to be unpopular, John Adams requested that the president be referred to as "His Highness, the President of the United States of America, and Protector of the Rights of the Same" in order to reflect the importance of the office. However, his request was ridiculed by the Senate and the press.

1. James Monroe
   Alexander Hamilton
2. Philip Schuyler
   Thomas Jefferson

Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton dueled in Weehawken, New Jersey, on July 11, 1804. Burr, who was serving as the third vice president at the time, fatally wounded Hamilton in the duel.

1. Benjamin Franklin
   James Callender
2. Aaron Burr
   John Hancock

In 1802, James Callender published the first known report about Thomas Jefferson's involvement with Sally Hemings. In Callender's writings, he calls Hemings the "concubine" of Jefferson.

1. "The Hamilton Confession"
   "The Federalist Papers"
2. "The Reynolds Pamphlet"
   "Jay's Treaty"

The document Hamilton wrote was titled "The Reynolds Pamphlet," in which he denied that he had embezzled government money. Instead, he confessed to having an affair with a woman named Maria Reynolds.

1. Samuel Adams
   Thomas Jefferson
2. Benjamin Franklin
   John Hancock

John Hancock's ship, Liberty, was seized by British forces when it was discovered he was smuggling goods into the colonies to avoid taxes imposed by the Stamp Act. In fact, Hancock received help from John Adams to avoid facing smuggling charges.

1. John Hancock
   Samuel Adams
2. John Witherspoon
   George Washington

Due to Hancock's smuggling practices, the British placed a bounty on his head. Hancock, however, was offended at how little his bounty was worth and suggested they should double it.

1. £100
   £300
2. £500
   £700

John Hancock smuggled goods into the colonies in order to avoid paying British taxes. However, British forces became aware of this activity, and they placed a £500 bounty on his head.

1. John Jay
   James Madison
2. George Washington
   Samuel Adams

After the Royal Governor refused to let British tea leave Boston Harbor, Adams famously proclaimed, "This meeting can do nothing more to save the country!" Some historians believe that this statement served as a signal to the Sons of Liberty to destroy the tea in the harbor. In fact, Adams congratulated the Sons of Liberty after the Boston Tea Party.

1. Thomas Jefferson
   Samuel Adams
2. John Hancock
   Benjamin Franklin

After seeing that Italian Piedmont rice sold better than American rice in Paris, Jefferson decided to illegally bring the new variety of Italian rice to the United States. In fact, Jefferson believed that "the greatest service which can be rendered any country is to add an useful plant to it's [sic] culture."

1. James Madison and John Adams
   George Washington and Thomas Jefferson
2. Alexander Hamilton and James Monroe
   Benjamin Franklin and Samuel Adams

Alexander Hamilton and James Monroe almost dueled each other in 1797. Hamilton believed that Monroe had leaked private documents about his affair with Maria Reynolds to the press, and he was prepared to duel Monroe to maintain his dignity.

1. Hemings' children lived in the same house as Jefferson.
   Jefferson freed all of Hemings' children.
2. Jefferson acknowledged Hemings' children as his own.
   Hemings' children inherited property from Jefferson when he died.

While only four of the six children Sally Hemings had by Jefferson lived into adulthood, Jefferson freed all four of her living children. No other families at Monticello were ever freed by Jefferson.

1. $100
   $500
2. $800
   $1,000

Alexander Hamilton paid James Reynolds $1,000 to keep his affair with Reynold's wife, Maria, a secret. Afterward, Reynolds even encouraged Hamilton to maintain his relationship with Maria.

1. John Adams
   James Monroe
2. Alexander Hamilton
   John Jay

John Adams faced trouble in his presidency when France began to prevent American ships from trading with the British. The French minister demanded bribes from the American government before negotiations could begin, but the Adams administration never paid. Once word got out to the public, this situation became known as the XYZ Affair — with X, Y and Z standing for the French officials involved.

1. The Adams administration relented and bribed France with money.
   The French military invaded the United States.
2. An undeclared naval war broke out.
   Congress declared war on France.

By July 1798, the U.S. had retracted all of its treaties with France, and American ships began to attack the French Navy. These events launch the Quasi-War, which was only settled when the Treaty of Mortefontaine was ratified in 1801.

1. 1799
   1795
2. 1800
   1790

Sally Hemings had her first child in 1790, when she was sixteen years old. However, this child was never named and died in infancy. Hemings' son, Madison, would later write that this first child "lived but a short time."

1. Alexander Hamilton
   James Adams
2. James Madison
   Benjamin Franklin

Benjamin Franklin had an illegitimate son, William Franklin, around the time of 1730. However, William would later be exiled in jail due to his loyalty to the British, as he served as the Royal Governor of New Jersey.

1. William Blount
   John Blair
2. James Madison
   William Livingston

William Blount, one of the signers of the Constitution, lost his seat less than a year after he was elected as a senator for the state of Tennessee. On August 2, 1796, Blount's fellow senators found him guilty of "a high misdemeanor, entirely inconsistent with his public trust and duty as a Senator."

1. He was absent from the Senate for too long.
   He was misusing government money.
2. He was having an affair with another senator's wife.
   He attempted to help the British seize Spanish territory in Florida.

William Blount attempted to help the British capture Spanish land in West Florida by creating tension between the Cherokee and Creek tribes. However, Blount's plans were exposed, and he was expelled from his position in the Senate in 1797.

1. George Washington
   James Madison
2. Benjamin Franklin
   Thomas Jefferson

In Franklin's opinion, he was able to produce his best work when he had a morning "air bath." Essentially, Franklin would sit by an open window in the nude for around 30 minutes to an hour.

1. Benjamin Franklin
   George Washington
2. John Jay
   Samuel Adams

While engaged to Martha Custis, George Washington maintained a romantic correspondence with Sally Fairfax, a wealthy Virginia woman he had known since his teenage years. In one letter to Fairfax, Washington wrote, "The world has no business to know the object of my love, declared in this manner to you, when I want to conceal it."

1. Thomas Jefferson
   Benjamin Franklin
2. John Jay
   George Washington

Dolley Madison often assisted Thomas Jefferson as a social hostess when he held presidential events, since his wife had died years before. However, some speculated that Dolley was his mistress — they thought Dolley had a relationship with Jefferson in order to secure favorable votes for her husband, James Madison, in the upcoming presidential election.

1. George Washington
   Benjamin Franklin
2. Alexander Hamilton
   Thomas Jefferson

Not long after creating it, Benjamin Franklin sought out and destroyed copies of his 1725 pamphlet, "A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain." He came to regret this piece of work he had created at the age of nineteen.

1. Hamilton had disrespected Burr's children.
   The two men had long been bitter political rivals.
2. Burr had insulted Hamilton's wife, Eliza.
   Burr suspected Hamilton of treason.

Hamilton trusted Burr very little; he viewed Burr as an opportunistic politician. In fact, Hamilton garnered support within his political party to ensure Burr would not win the presidency in 1800. Burr was furious with Hamilton's comments and demanded an apology, which Hamilton refused to give. Due to Hamilton's refusal, the two decided to duel.

1. Humans lack any sort of free will.
   British reign of the colonies was beneficial.
2. It would be unwise to create a new nation from the colonies.
   British taxation was reasonable and advantageous.

"A Dissertation Upon Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain" reflected Franklin's beliefs that humans lack free will. Franklin soon regretted writing this pamphlet and destroyed all copies that he could find. A few survived, however.

1. James Monroe
   Aaron Burr
2. James Reynolds
   Thomas Jefferson

Privately, Hamilton revealed documents regarding his affair to a few individuals, which included James Monroe. Hamilton himself suspected that Monroe leaked the documents to James Callender, a gossip writer at the time. Hamilton's wife, Eliza, allegedly held a grudge against Monroe for his supposed actions.

1. John Hancock
   Paul Revere
2. Samuel Adams
   James Monroe

During a ten-day trip to Massachusetts, President George Washington was greeted by crowds and high ranking officials. One notable absentee was John Hancock. In Hancock's mind, he was more notable than Washington, as Hancock was the governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

1. She was sold to another plantation owner.
   She was freed in Thomas Jefferson's will.
2. She lived at Monticello for the rest of her life.
   She was unofficially freed by Thomas Jefferson's daughter.

Thomas Jefferson died in 1826. While all of Sally Hemings' children by Jefferson had been freed, Hemings was "given her time" by Jefferson's daughter, Martha, after his death. Hemings then went to live with her sons, Madison and Eston Hemings, in Charlottesville, Virginia.

1. Aaron Burr
   George Washington
2. John Laurens
   Philip Schuyler

Monroe called on his friend Aaron Burr to help him negotiate the duel with Hamilton. It was Burr who eventually convinced Hamilton and Monroe that a duel between the two would be quite "childish."

1. Thomas Jefferson
   George Washington
2. John Hancock
   Alexander Hamilton

While he was able to subdue himself as he grew older, George Washington was known for having an explosive temper. Regarding Washington's temper, Thomas Jefferson wrote, "His temper was naturally irritable and high-toned, but reflection and resolution had obtained a firm and habitual ascendency over it. If, however, it broke its bonds, he was most tremendous in his wrath."

1. John Hancock
   Aaron Burr
2. Nicholas Gilman
   John Rutledge

In 1807, Aaron Burr was charged with treason by President Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson discovered that Burr had been plotting to establish an independent republic in the Southwest. However, Burr was found not guilty of treason at the end of his trial.

1. George Washington
   John Jay
2. Thomas Jefferson
   James Madison

Thomas Jefferson had six children by one of the slaves he owned. However, only four of these children survived into adulthood. Jefferson's three sons, Beverly, Madison and Eston, became carpenters. His daughter, Harriet, worked as a spinner in one of the factories at Monticello.

1. Thomas Jefferson
   James Madison
2. John Jay
   Aaron Burr

In 1794 James Madison married Dolley Payne Todd, who had a young son from a previous marriage. Madison's stepson had gambling problems and spent time in a debtor's prison. Madison ended up paying around $40,000 to clear his stepson's debts, largely without sharing this information with his wife.