1. Rock bottom
   Slogging through the middle
2. At the tip top
   Cruising down the slope to retirement

The zenith is the uppermost point of an ascent. Once you’ve reached the zenith, you’ve climaxed, achieved the summit, and there’s really nowhere to go but down. In astronomy, the zenith is the point directly overhead. Astronomers use this point to calculate angles and distances to other celestial bodies.

1. Raucous
   Serene
2. Loquacious
   Nostalgic

A serene atmosphere would provide a quiet place to go for a swim. Early uses of the word serene refer to the weather being clear, calm and unclouded. This image of a clear sky translates nicely to a calm disposition or a quiet atmosphere.

1. I need to turn in my homework.
   I don’t seem to be fully present in class.
2. I have strong convictions.
   I have a bright personality.

A liminal space refers to an in-between space, like the place where a river meets the ocean: the water is not really river and not really ocean. If a professor tells a student they seem to exist in a liminal space, they are likely communicating that the student is not fully present in class, even though their body is there.

1. Unique
   Sublime
2. Unvanquished
   Dubious

Accusing someone of having dubious credentials would cast doubt on their validity. The word dubious comes from the Latin word for doubt, which rises from the origin “duo” for two. The idea in this root shows that the sense of uncertainty causes a person to have two minds about an idea, not being sure which intuition to follow.

1. Fervent
   Effervescent
2. Luminescent
   Ludicrious

The word fervent describes someone who cares deeply and passionately about something. The word itself finds its roots in the Old French word for boiling. This etymology brings a beautiful image to the sense of the fervent type —a person boiling over with passion.

1. Yearning
   Darning
2. Throng
   Wanton

To yearn for something is to experience an intense longing for it. The feeling of yearning usually arises for something that a person once had but from which they have been separated. An archaic use of the word carried the meaning of a “warm feeling.”

1. Cyclical
   Cynical
2. Chimerical
   Charitable

A cynical person always takes a negative view of the situation and believes the worst about people and events. This pessimism is often motivated by a belief that people are driven only by their own needs and wants, a belief that leads to a distrust of people’s sincerity.

1. Fortitude
   Servility
2. Fragility
   Plenitude

Fortitude describes the character of someone with both strength and endurance, which a person would need to accomplish a series of difficult tasks. This word demonstrates an understanding that humans need not only strength but also endurance to succeed in life’s challenges.

1. It enclosed them.
   It opened up a chasm before them.
2. It started raining.
   It began thundering.

If a storm engulfed a couple, it would enclose and overwhelm them with its torrential downpour. While an engulfing storm would likely include both rain and thunder, neither of these descriptions carries the full significance of engulf. Being engulfed by a storm would probably mean your umbrellas won’t do any good.

1. Oppress
   Depress
2. Quell
   Deviate

To quell one’s hunger is to put an end to it, whether by eating a candy bar or drinking a glass of water. The word derives from the Old English word for “to kill,” though today it can also have less violent connotations, like “to quiet, or allay” one’s fears.

1. Rebuff
   Scoff
2. Diminish
   Pique

The word pique can describe the experience of having your interest aroused or excited, particularly through a challenge. Pique, though, can have other meanings, including taking pride in something or being irritated. It’s probably best to ask for clarification if someone tells you they’re piqued.

1. Catching the upholstery on fire
   Echoing around the space
2. Flying close overhead
   Lighting other fireworks

The word reverberate means literally to drive back, so one of its common uses describes the sound of an echo, in which a sound is pushed back and heard again. It also can apply to vision; an image can reverberate from a mirror.

1. That you have a bright and clear-thinking mind
   That you have a dull and slow-thinking mind
2. That you have a witty and sarcastic mind
   That you have a cynical and pessimistic mind

The word lucid describes something that is clear and bright, so a lucid mind would be one that quickly and cogently understands and communicates information. The word comes from the Latin for light, so the sense of clarity associated with lucidity is the clarity that comes from light.

1. Give bad grades arbitrarily
   Give students a second chance
2. Arrive late habitually
   Drive too fast

Benevolent teachers want the best for their students and may go out of their way to bring good to them. The word derives from “bene,” good, and “velle,” to wish. According to Miriam Webster, the word volition also comes from “velle.” Wishing well leads to willing good things, and willing the good, hopefully, leads to doing good.

1. Turn it on.
   Turn it off.
2. Turn it down.
   Turn it up.

Amplify comes from the Old French word meaning to enlarge, related to the English word "ample." When someone asks you to amplify the music, they’re asking you to make it bigger. You can also amplify an argument by extending it and making it more complex.

1. They don’t care.
   They have jury duty.
2. They don’t have the authority to deal with it.
   They don’t live in the area.

Jurisdiction refers to the power to apply and interpret the law. The word comes from the roots “juris,” meaning law, and “dictio,” meaning a saying. So jurisdiction means the power to say what the law is and enforce it. People also use it metaphorically to defer responsibility for any number of tasks.

1. Unrealistic optimism
   Cynicism
2. Unshakable rationality
   Apathy

The adjective “quixotic” describes a person with an unrealistic sense of optimism that seems detached from reality. The concept finds its roots in the Spanish 17th-century novel, “Don Quixote,” in which the titular character roams the countryside engaging in daring conquests that have little to no bearing in reality.

1. She eschews it.
   She is ambiguous about it.
2. She absorbs it.
   She gravitates to it.

To eschew means to purposefully avoid, especially on moral grounds. While gluten avoidance does not typically fall into the moral range, in certain circles, it seems to be a moral high ground to eschew consuming wheat.

1. That you were avant garde
   That you were behind the times
2. That your ideas were naive and simplistic
   That your ideas had a yellow hue

Having your ideas labeled jejune is not a compliment since the label implies the ideas are naive and simplistic and perhaps also dry and predictable. While the Urban Dictionary dubbed the word “the worst word in the English language” for its snobbery, it may come in handy at art shows or poetry readings.

1. They’re up to no good.
   They have good intentions.
2. They probably won’t succeed.
   They’re not competent.

The adjective nefarious describes an act or a person with flagrantly evil intent. Nefarious is slightly different from vicious, which is very close in meaning. Nefarious can mean someone who offends against customs and traditions, while a vicious person would be cruel.

1. Cloudy weather
   Mystical encounter
2. Betrayal
   Frustration with the incompetence of others

To have an experience labeled “numinous,” it would have to include an encounter with the divine or be intensely spiritual. The word comes from the Latin “numen” for divine will, and etymologists trace the word further to the word for “nod,” showing divine approval.

1. Corpuscular
   Corpulent
2. Corpus
   Corpsman

Corpulent is another way of saying fat. The word finds its origins in the Latin “corpus” for body, so the word denotes being “fleshy.” Corpulence is used to describe someone who is obese, not just slightly overweight.

1. You should give up some bad habits.
   You are dull and uninteresting.
2. You have a cynical perspective.
   You could benefit from some exercise.

Vapid is an adjective that describes a person who is dull and uninteresting. The word initially described drinks which lacked flavor. So an encounter with a vapid character can be likened to sipping on a flavorless beverage.

1. The dangers of smoking
   Excessive pride
2. Gluttony
   Apathy

Hubris describes a sense of excessive pride or arrogance. In Greek tragedies, as in “Oedipus Rex,” critics point to hubris as the personality trait that brings about the downfall of a hero. Oddly, it’s also the characteristic that leads a character to undertake heroic tasks in the first place.

1. Verdant
   Misanthropic
2. Loquacious
   Capricious

From the Latin root, “loqui,” to speak, loquacious describes a very chatty person. The word doesn’t necessarily have a negative implication. It can be used to show that a person has a high capacity for speaking eloquently and effortlessly. However, one may apply the word sarcastically to mean that a person talks too much.

1. It’s a coincidence.
   It goes against what you want to happen.
2. It’s rage-inducing.
   It goes against what you would expect.

While the concept of irony is complex and has many variations, one common understanding of it can be described as an occurrence that goes against what you would expect. More specifically, this describes situational irony. Another form of irony is dramatic irony, where the audience understands something different from how the character on stage understands it.

1. Clear proof
   Evidence that could be physically touched
2. DNA
   Eyewitness accounts

Tangible evidence can be perceived by the senses, and the word tangible usually refers to the sense of touch. This emphasis makes sense, as the word comes from the Latin “tangere"—to touch. The word more broadly connotes an experience that can be concretely perceived, as opposed to an abstract experience.

1. Philanthropist
   Lobotomist
2. Misanthrope
   Theophan

A misanthrope dislikes people in general or may distrust humankind in its entirety. Miriam Webster explains that the word, which means hating humanity, was probably made famous by Moliere’s play “Le Misanthrope,” in which an embittered man chooses to live in isolation rather than be in contact with people.

1. Purview
   Periphery
2. Periwinkle
   Perspective

The “periphery” describes the outer range of a space or experience. Someone on the periphery of war, for instance, may see a bombing on the horizon but not be directly affected by the damage it causes. The word “purview” may seem quite similar, but it refers to the full range of a person’s experience or knowledge, not just the outer limits.

1. You’re having a good hair day.
   It’s time for a trim.
2. Your hair is rather askew.
   You have a cat in your hair.

Catawampus sounds like a made up word, and it may well be. But aren’t all words made up at some point? This one entered American slang in the 1830s. If something is catawampus, it is askew or out of order.

1. Sonorous
   Decadent
2. Cacophonous
   Deleterious

A cacophony is a jarring and discordant sound, as opposed to a symphony, where sounds play together in harmony. The word comes from the Greek for bad, “kak,” and sound, “phone.” A cacophony is a bad sound, no matter how cute the child who is emitting it.

1. Being surrounded by toddlers
   Not having any children in sight
2. Seeing children only in small doses
   Fostering young children

To be vexed means to be troubled or agitated by something, so if someone is vexed by children, they would likely be made most happy by not having any children in sight. Vex can refer to a wide range of agitation, from physical pain to a slight annoyance.

1. That he is related to gorillas.
   That gorillas are within his expertise.
2. That gorillas are his enemies.
   That gorillas annoy him.

Ken refers to the range of a person’s knowledge, understanding, or perception, unlike kin, which describes familial relations. In English, ken originally described the range of vision out at sea. The word also has a verb form, which means to know or become aware of.

1. Tenacious
   Perspicacious
2. Ubiquitous
   Tendentious

The adjective ubiquitous describes the sense that something appears all over the place. For instance, cellphones are ubiquitous in city life. The word finds its origins in the Latin word for everywhere, “ubique.”

1. Deliberate
   Carefree
2. Wanton
   Esoteric

The word wanton describes a merciless, unrestrained act. The meaning of wanton has changed over time. It used to be commonly used to describe a person lacking sexual restraint, but now more often refers to acts of cruelty or unrestrained violence.

1. Hyperbole
   Nadir
2. Oxymoron
   Alliteration

Since the word oxymoron refers to a contradiction that is put together, a cold summer day could be called oxymoronic. The word has the same roots as the word moron, which comes from the Greek for stupid. Oxy- means sharp or pointed. So, an oxymoron is something pointedly stupid.

1. People who are foreign
   People who do not bathe
2. People in crowds
   People who live outside

Xenophobia describes the fear of people who are foreign or perceived as foreign. The word is often used to describe racist fears in general terms, but it more accurately refers to a fear of what is foreign or strange. Of course, racist fears often stem from a feeling that other races are foreign and strange.

1. That you are tech savvy
   That you are technologically inept
2. That you are resistant to new technology
   That you are incapable of learning new technology

A Luddite is a person who resists new technology. The term comes from British textile workers (known as Luddites) in the early 1800s who destroyed factory machinery based on a belief that the turn to machines would reduce employment. Modern-day Luddites often harbor sentiments that technology will negatively affect the quality of life.

1. It was so tasteless that it was inedible.
   It was so sublime that there are no words to describe it.
2. It was so bland that they can’t remember what it tasted %0Dlike.
   It was too expensive.

The adjective ineffable describes the sense that an experience exists beyond our capacity to express it. From the Latin roots, “in,” not, and “effari,” to speak out, ineffable refers to the inability to speak about what you have experienced. While the word is often used to describe experiences of beauty and joy, it can also apply to negative feelings, like disgust.

1. Epiphany
   Diversion
2. Compunction
   Metanoia

Metanoia is a profound spiritual transformation, which involves radically changing one’s mind. The change of mind, heart and life also resonates with the experience and practice of repentance, when repentance is not a verbal formality but a change of heart and direction.