1. King George III
   William the Conqueror
2. Charlemagne
   William of Orange

Anointed as "William the Conqueror," the Duke of Normandy led a successful campaign to capture England from 1060 to 1066. The decisive Battle of Hastings occurred on 14 October 1066 and secured the Norman victory over the Anglo-Saxons.

1. The Globe
   National Theater
2. Fortune Playhouse
   Citizen's Theater

William Shakespeare's legendary Globe Theater opened in 1599 and was the site of many of Shakespeare's most famous plays, including "Romeo and Juliet" and "Julius Caesar." A modern recreation exists in London today, called Shakespeare's Globe.

1. To declare war on France without the Pope's approval
   He was inspired by Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation.
2. To secure a divorce from his barren wife
   He did not want to send soldiers to the Catholic fight against the Ottoman Empire.

Henry VIII's primary motivation in breaking from the Catholic church in 1534 was to secure an annulment from his wife, Catherine of Aragon. He believed his marriage was cursed and desperately wanted an heir to continue his legacy. When Rome refused to grant the annulment, he broke from the Church and declared himself "Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England."

1. American Colonies
   Egypt
2. India
   South Africa

The British set up the British Raj on the Indian subcontinent in 1858 and controlled the region until independence in 1947. During this time, the British extracted a vast quantity of highly valuable raw materials from the region with extremely cheap labor, fueling their wealth back home and bolstering their military capabilities.

1. Roger Mortimer
   Perkin Warbeck
2. Maximilien Robespierre
   Guy Fawkes

Guy Fawkes planned the failed Gunpowder Plot after an anonymous letter pointed to him and the pile of explosives underneath the Westminster Palace. Fawkes was a staunch Catholic and wanted to return England to the fold of the Catholic Church. His effigy is burned on a bonfire on Guy Fawkes Night, occurring every fifth of November.

1. James Cook
   Henry Hudson
2. John Cabot
   Samuel Champlain

James Cook became the first European to establish contact with the Hawaiian islands in 1778. Cook was an intrepid explorer who circumnavigated the world and traveled to places as remote as Alaska and New Zealand. He died when he attempted to kidnap Hawaiian King Kalani'opu'u in 1779.

1. Operation Barbarossa
   Operation Sea Lion
2. Operation Silver Fox
   Operation Hannibal

By the summer of 1940, the Nazis controlled most of continental Europe. Operation Sea Lion was the secret plan to invade the UK after the Nazis established aerial superiority. The RAF fought off the German air force, and Hitler scrapped the operation to prepare for an invasion of the USSR.

1. Alexander Graham Bell
   Michael Faraday
2. Henry Fox Talbot
   Percy Shaw

Alexander Graham Bell was an inventor and engineer who had made numerous inventions working with sound. Bell raced against other inventors like Elisha Gray to be the first to win a patent for the telephone, which he did in 1876.

1. Spain
   France
2. Portugal
   Denmark

The Spanish Catholic crown launched a 130 ship Armada to invade and depose the Protestant Queen Elizabeth I in 1588. Poor weather conditions, a larger English fleet and daring exploits of English fireships led to Spanish defeat and their last attempt to invade the UK.

1. Whigs
   Green Party
2. Tories
   Sinn Fein

The Tories entered the political scene in 1678 when they tried to oppose Whigs from disinheriting the heir of Catholic King James II. The Tories would become one of the major political parties in the UK through the 19th century, espousing an ideology of monarchism, traditionalism and classicism.

1. The Glorious Revolution
   American Revolutionary War
2. English Civil War
   The French Revolution

The English Civil War pitted the King and his loyalists (Cavaliers) against Parliamentarians (Roundheads) over issues of governance. Oliver Cromwell emerged as a military and political leader during the conflict and supported the execution of King Charles I. He established a Protestant theocracy from 1653 until his death in 1658.

1. Queen Elizabeth I
   Queen Elizabeth II
2. Queen Victoria
   King George III

Queen Elizabeth II (born in 1926) is the longest-reigning monarch, beating her Great-Grandmother Victoria's record of 63 years of power. Queen Elizabeth II is the fourth monarch from the House of Windsor, a dynasty originating from the German House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

1. Heinkel He 111
   Republic P-47 Thunderbolt
2. Curtiss P-40 Warhawk
   Supermarine Spitfire

Although the Royal Air Force used many planes throughout the war, none is more iconic than the Supermarine Spitfire. Crucial to winning the aerial Battle of Britain, these single-seat fighter planes are recognizable by their semi-elliptical wing shape.

1. 1878
   1912
2. 1918
   1936

Two laws extended the right to vote in the UK. The first, The Representation of the People Act, passed in 1918 and enfranchised 5.6 million women over the age of 30 who met minimum property qualifications. The more thorough Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act passed in 1928 and extended the right to vote to all women over the age of 21.

1. Jack the Ripper
   Mr. Hyde
2. H. H. Holmes
   Sweeney Todd

The impoverished London district of Whitechapel was terrorized by an unknown assailant who was called "Jack the Ripper" by the police between 1888-1891. During this time, the brutal murders of at least five women captured the imagination of the public and criminologists across the world.

1. Portugal
   Belgium
2. Switzerland
   Norway

The Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373 is thought to be the oldest active treaty still in existence, with the Kingdom of Portugal and the United Kingdom never once fighting each other in a war. The Portuguese call the special friendship the Aliança Inglesa, or the English Alliance.

1. Golf
   Tennis
2. Cricket
   Rugby

Legend has it that tennis dates all the way back to the 12th century in France when players would hit a ball with their hand. Meanwhile, golf, cricket and rugby all originated in the UK and enjoyed popularity throughout the British Commonwealth.

1. The Boer War
   The Troubles
2. 7 Years War
   The Eire Revolution

Between the 1960s and the Good Friday Agreement of 1998, Irish nationalists clashed with loyalists in Northern Ireland, leading to decades of armed fighting. The total number of casualties numbered around 50,000, with the conflict reaching a peak in 1972 with the Bloody Sunday massacre.

1. Charles Cornwallis
   Francis Drake
2. Walter Raleigh
   James Murray

Starting the war as a lieutenant, Charles Cornwallis orchestrated the successful "Southern Strategy" in 1779, scoring a series of victories in the southern theater of the war. He surrendered to French and American forces at the Siege of Yorktown.

1. 1853
   1863
2. 1883
   1903

The London Underground railway became the world's first underground passenger railway when it began operations in 1863. On its first day it carried 38,000 passengers on gas-lit wooden carriages carried by steam engines. Today it services over 1 billion people every year.

1. Pax Brittania
   Limits of Royalty Decree
2. The Constitution
   Magna Carta

King John of England signed the Magna Carta, or Great Charter, in 1215 to make peace with rebel barons challenging his reign. The Magna Carta, which was the first document to put a limit on the absolute powers of a king, became a central component of English legal and political culture.

1. Winston Churchill
   Stanley Baldwin
2. Neville Chamberlain
   Benjamin Disraeli

The figurehead of the appeasement movement, Neville Chamberlain participated in the 1938 Munich Agreement with Hitler, Mussolini and de Gaulle to decide the fate of Czechoslovakia. Hitler betrayed the agreement and invaded Czechoslovakia anyways. The Czechs were not allowed to participate in the negotiations.

1. Stuart
   Tudor
2. Angevin
   Wittelsbach

The Angevin dynasty ruled in the early middle ages and counted Richard the Lionheart among its leaders. The Tudors included King Henry VIII while the Stuarts comprised the Scottish kings of the 18th century. The House of Wittelsbach was the royal family in Bavaria.

1. The Ramones
   The Beatles
2. The Clash
   The Sex Pistols

A legendary output of punk music came out of the UK during the 1970s and 1980s, including famous records by bands like The Ramones, The Clash and The Sex Pistols. This counter-culture music rebelled against traditional values and economic marginalization.

1. Windsor Castle
   Palace of Versailles
2. Amber Palace
   The Hofburg

Located in Berkshire, the Windsor Castle is the residence of Queen Elizabeth II and the largest occupied castle in the world. William the Conqueror ordered the construction of the castle after the Norman invasion in the 11th century.

1. Charles Dickens
   Rudyard Kipling
2. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
   Orson Welles

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle began his career as a physician, which provided him with the medical background to construct the Sherlock Holmes character. Doyle went on to write over 50 Sherlock Holmes stories, many of which have been made into adaptations for the stage and cinema.

1. William III
   James I
2. George III
   Henry VI

Parliament secretly invited William of Orange, later William III, to rule with his cousin Mary after they suspected King James II of conspiring with the French King Louis XIV to return Catholicism to Britain. The event is called the Glorious Revolution because it involved relatively little violence.

1. Margaret Thatcher
   Theresa May
2. Queen Victoria
   Queen Elizabeth I

A Soviet journalist dubbed Margaret Thatcher "The Iron Lady" in 1975 as a rebuttal to her hawkish foreign policy stances. Thatcher embraced the epithet as she led as PM from 1979-1990.

1. Mexico
   Argentina
2. France
   Venezuela

The Falklands War was a 10-week conflict between the UK and Argentina in 1982. The dispute originated when Argentina invaded the small UK possession of the Falklands Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off its coast. The UK kept possession of the islands.

1. London
   Sheffield
2. York
   Bristol

Vikings raided Anglo-Saxon monasteries and villages as early as 793, but they did not establish a permanent settlement until they conquered York in 867. The Danelaw, or Viking settlements, would encompass 15 shires.

1. Uruguay
   Belize
2. Panama
   Costa Rica

The UK maintained control of Belize until 1981, and it remains part of the British Commonwealth. It was formerly known as British Honduras.

1. Cambridge
   Glasgow
2. Oxford
   Aberdeen

Oxford is the second oldest university in operation, with records of teaching here dating back to 1096. The university continues to be among the world's top 10 best and operates the world's largest printing press.

1. London
   Cambridge
2. Edinburgh
   Belfast

Colin Macfarquhar began work on the Encyclopædia Britannica in 1768 in Edinburgh as a response to Denis Diderot's great Enlightenment work, Encyclopédie. The Encyclopedia now contains entries on over 500,000 topics.

1. Duke of Wellington
   Horatio Nelson
2. Henry Rawlinson
   Duke of Portland

Napoleon Bonaparte met his famous end at the Battle of Waterloo in present-day Belgium on 18 June 1815. His army fell to the combined forces of the Duke of Wellington and the Prussian army under Field Marshal Blücher.

1. 1707
   1631
2. 1821
   1941

Although England and Scotland had been united under the same monarch, the Acts of Union occurred over 1706 and 1707 to bring the Parliaments together. They formed the basis for a Great Britain that would later become the United Kingdom.